Moderate magnitude 4.8 earthquake at 31 km depth15 Dec 08:51 UTC: First to report: VolcanoDiscovery after 30 seconds.15 Dec 08:57: Now using data updates from GFZ15 Dec 08:57: Hypocenter depth recalculated from 25.80 to 11.00 km (from 16 to 6.8 mi). Epicenter location corrected by 16 km (10 mi) towards WSW.15 Dec 08:58: Now using data updates from CSNI didn't feel itI felt this quakeEarthquake detailsDate & timeDec 15, 2025 08:51:34 UTC - Local time at epicenterMonday, Dec 15, 2025, at 05:51 am (America/Santiago GMT -3)StatusconfirmedMagnitude4.8Depth31 kmEpicenter latitude / longitude30.71°S / 71.67°WProvincia de Limari, Region de Coquimbo, ChileSeismic antipode30.71°N / 108.33°EChinaShaking intensityIV Light shaking near epicenterFelt1 reportPrimary data sourceCSN (National Seismological Center (Centro Sismológico Nacional))Weather at epicenter at time of quakeClear Sky 0.4°C (33 F), humidity: 23%, wind: 2 m/s (3 kts) from SWEstimated seismic energy released1 x 1012 joules (278 megawatt hours, equivalent to 239 tons of TNT) | equivalent to ONE quake of magnitude 4.8 | about seismic energy10 minutes ago reported feltDec 15, 2025 08:51 GMT / Dec 15, 2025 05:51 am (Santiago time)Lat / Lng: -30.71 / -71.67: Chile: 5 km Al S De Parque Fray JorgeSource: CSNOther sources: RaspberryShake: 4.9 / 40 km, GFZ: 4.9 / 40 kmDetail info | Read user reports | You felt it? - Report it!';storedMarkers.push(['quake-22505225',-30.71000,-71.67000,'10 minutes ago: Mag. 4.8, Chile: 5 km Al S De Parque Fray Jorge',html,'quakes-6-24.png',25,25,12,12,125]); function mkRep(id,notFelt){var nFelt=notFelt||false;var src="https://www.volcanoesandearthquakes.com/app/earthquake-report.php?quakeId="+id;if(nFelt==true){src+="¬Felt=true";}window.open(src,"","status=0,toolbar=0,location=0,directories=0,menubar=0,resizable=1,scrollbars=1,height=400,width=350");} function locationHashChanged(e){-1!=e.oldURL.indexOf("#popupMap")&&closePopup()} window.onhashchange = locationHashChanged; function comment(e){var t=e.parentNode,a=(t.dataset.id,document.getElementById("commentForm"));"none"==a.style.display?(t.appendChild(a),a.style.display="block"):a.style.display="none"}function sendComment(e){var t=e.parentNode,a=t.parentNode.dataset.id,n=document.getElementById("commentContent"),p=n.value.trim();if(p){var o="id="+a+"&quakeId="+thisQuakeId;o+="&comment="+decodeURIComponent(p),mkRequest("//reports.volcanodiscovery.com/app/eqReportComment.php","post",o,function(e){e.responseText;alert("Thank you for submitting your comment!"),t.style.display="none",n.value=""})}}function flagReport(e){var t=e.parentNode.dataset.id;if(confirm("Report this as inappropriate?")){var a="id="+t+"&quakeId="+thisQuakeId+"&flagAsInappropriate=1";mkRequest("//reports.volcanodiscovery.com/app/eqReportComment.php","post",a,function(t){var a=t.responseText;alert(a),e.style.display="none"})}}function likeReport(e){var t="id="+e.parentNode.dataset.id+"&quakeId="+thisQuakeId+"&like=1";mkRequest("//reports.volcanodiscovery.com/app/eqReportComment.php","post",t,function(t){t.responseText;e.style.opacity=.5})}]]>[smaller] [bigger]Most recent quakes Top 20 past 24 hrs Quakes in ChileNearby placesThe closest larger town where the quake might have been felt is Coquimbo, a city with more than 160,000 inhabitants in Chile, in 90 km (56 mi) distance north of the epicenter. People likely experienced weak shaking there. Several smaller towns and villages are located closer to the epicenter and might have experienced stronger shaking. In the capital of Chile, Santiago, 320 km (199 mi) away from the epicenter, the earthquake was probably felt as very weak shaking.The following table shows some of the places that might have been affected (or not) by the shaking.DistancePlaceMax. shaking intensity(*)RegionCountry42 km (26 mi)E of epicenterPunitaqui(pop: 10,400)IV: LightProvincia de Limari, Region de CoquimboChile47 km (29 mi)E of epicenterOvalle(pop: 77,100)III: WeakProvincia de Limari, Region de CoquimboChile68 km (42 mi)E of epicenterMonte Patria(pop: 13,900)III: WeakProvincia de Limari, Region de CoquimboChile77 km (48 mi)NE of epicenterAndacollo(pop: 11,100)III: WeakProvincia de Elqui, Region de CoquimboChile82 km (51 mi)SE of epicenterCombarbala(pop: 13,600)III: WeakProvincia de Limari, Region de CoquimboChile90 km (56 mi)N of epicenterCoquimbo(pop: 161,300)III: WeakProvincia de Elqui, Region de CoquimboChile98 km (61 mi)NE of epicenterLa Serena(pop: 154,500)III: WeakProvincia de Elqui, Region de CoquimboChile113 km (70 mi)SE of epicenterIllapel(pop: 22,800)III: WeakProvincia de Choapa, Region de CoquimboChile119 km (74 mi)NE of epicenterVicuna(pop: 13,500)III: WeakProvincia de Elqui, Region de CoquimboChile125 km (77 mi)SE of epicenterCanela(pop: 9,180)III: WeakProvincia de Choapa, Region de CoquimboChile134 km (83 mi)NE of epicenterPaiguano(pop: 4,260)III: WeakProvincia de Elqui, Region de CoquimboChile135 km (84 mi)S of epicenterLos Vilos(pop: 9,000)III: WeakProvincia de Choapa, Region de CoquimboChile137 km (85 mi)SE of epicenterSalamanca(pop: 13,300)III: WeakProvincia de Choapa, Region de CoquimboChile141 km (87 mi)N of epicenterLa Higuera(pop: 4,290)III: WeakProvincia de Elqui, Region de CoquimboChile198 km (123 mi)S of epicenterLa Ligua(pop: 24,900)II: Very weakPetorca, Region de ValparaisoChile200 km (124 mi)S of epicenterCabildo(pop: 19,300)II: Very weakPetorca, Region de ValparaisoChile231 km (144 mi)S of epicenterQuintero(pop: 31,900)II: Very weakValparaiso, Region de ValparaisoChile231 km (144 mi)SE of epicenterPutaendo(pop: 15,400)II: Very weakSan Felipe de Aconcagua, Region de ValparaisoChile235 km (146 mi)S of epicenterHacienda La Calera(pop: 49,100)II: Very weakQuillota, Region de ValparaisoChile235 km (146 mi)S of epicenterLa Calera(pop: 50,200)II: Very weakQuillota, Region de ValparaisoChile239 km (149 mi)S of epicenterLa Cruz(pop: 17,300)II: Very weakQuillota, Region de ValparaisoChile244 km (152 mi)S of epicenterSan Felipe(pop: 59,300)II: Very weakRegion de ValparaisoChile245 km (152 mi)S of epicenterQuillota(pop: 67,800)II: Very weakRegion de ValparaisoChile246 km (153 mi)S of epicenterLlaillay(pop: 22,700)II: Very weakSan Felipe de Aconcagua, Region de ValparaisoChile246 km (153 mi)S of epicenterConcon(pop: 42,200)II: Very weakValparaiso, Region de ValparaisoChile253 km (157 mi)N of epicenterVallenar(pop: 44,900)II: Very weakHuasco, Region de AtacamaChile254 km (158 mi)SE of epicenterSan Esteban(pop: 17,100)II: Very weakLos Andes, Region de ValparaisoChile257 km (160 mi)SE of epicenterLos Andes(pop: 56,900)II: Very weakRegion de ValparaisoChile258 km (160 mi)S of epicenterVina del Mar(pop: 334,200)II: Very weakValparaiso, Region de ValparaisoChile259 km (161 mi)S of epicenterValparaiso(pop: 282,400)II: Very weakValparaiso, Region de ValparaisoChile259 km (161 mi)S of epicenterLimache(pop: 35,900)II: Very weakMarga Marga, Region de ValparaisoChile261 km (162 mi)S of epicenterQuilpue(pop: 130,300)II: Very weakMarga Marga, Region de ValparaisoChile262 km (163 mi)S of epicenterVilla Alemana(pop: 97,300)II: Very weakMarga Marga, Region de ValparaisoChile291 km (181 mi)S of epicenterCasablanca(pop: 24,500)II: Very weakValparaiso, Region de ValparaisoChile293 km (182 mi)S of epicenterColina(pop: 146,200)II: Very weakChacabuco, Santiago MetropolitanChile296 km (184 mi)S of epicenterLampa(pop: 102,200)II: Very weakChacabuco, Santiago MetropolitanChile309 km (192 mi)S of epicenterQuilicura(pop: 210,400)II: Very weakSantiago, Santiago MetropolitanChile313 km (194 mi)S of epicenterRenca(pop: 147,200)II: Very weakSantiago, Santiago MetropolitanChile320 km (199 mi)S of epicenterSantiago(pop: 4,837,300)II: Very weakSantiago MetropolitanChileNotes:(*) Shaking intensity according to the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) and estimated using seismic models.User-reports for this quake (1)The first report about ground shaking reached us after only 6 seconds, before other agencies reported it. So far, we have received 1 report for this quake from Argentina.It came from near Susques, a town with 1,100 inhabitants in Jujuy Province in 968 km (601 mi) distance northeast of the epicenter, Argentina.This section is being updated as new data comes in.User reports estimate the perceived ground shaking intensity according to the MMI (Modified Mercalli Intensity) scale.Contribute:Leave a comment if you find a particular report interesting or want to add to it.Flag as inappropriate.Mark as helpful or interesting.Send your own user report!TranslateEarthquake Argentina (967 km NE of epicenter) [Map] / Weak shaking (MMI III) / simple rolling (tilting sideways along one direction) / 30-60 s : Earthquake Struck Argentina Province Salta Departmento de Los Andes San Antonio de los Cobres Tsunami No | One user found this interesting. (reported through our app) List of cities/places with most reportsPlaceDistance from epicenterAverage reported Shaking IntensityNr. of reportsSusques, Jujuy Province, Argentina(Pop.: 1,140)968 km (601 mi)NE of epicenterIII: Weak shaking1Note: Only reports with latitude/longitude coordinate positions given (1 in total) could be used for statistics.What is Intensity and the Mercalli Intensity Scale?The amount of shaking that occurs on the surface due to an earthquake is called the intensity. It is commonly measured on the so-called Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) ranging from 1 (not felt) to 10 (extreme shaking), and given in Roman numerals as I,II,...IX, X, and often displayed with color codes ranging from light blue to dark red.Earthquake intensity depends mainly on the magnitude and depth of the quake as well as the distance from the epicenter: The further away, the less shaking intensity occurs.Read more about the MMI scale!I didn't feel itI felt this quakeIf you were near the epicenter and felt it, please share your experience and submit a short "I felt it" report! Other users would love to hear about it!If you did NOT feel the quake although you were in the area, please report it as well! Your contribution is valuable to earthquake science and seismic hazard analysis.Compare Quake DataData for the same earthquake as reported by different agenciesThe more agencies report about the same quake and post similar data, the more confidence you can have in the data. It takes normally up to a few hours until earthquake parameters are calculated with near-optimum precision.MagDepthTime GMT2025-12-15EpicenterAgency4.831 km19 mi08:51:345 km al S de Parque Fray JorgeCSN (National Seismological Center (Centro Sismológico Nacional))4.940 km25 mi08:51:35Near Coast of Central Chile6.8 km (4.2 mi) epicenter difference with CSNRaspberryShake (RaspberryShake)4.940 km25 mi08:51:35.77Near Coast of Central Chile6.8 km (4.2 mi) epicenter difference with CSNGFZ (German Research Centre for Geosciences)Aftershocks for this quakeNo aftershocks have been recorded so far. When aftershocks are detected, we will update this section.What are aftershocks?Larger earthquakes (above magnitude 5 or so) such as this one are usually followed by smaller ones known as aftershocks that occur in the same area during the days, weeks, months or even years after the main shock.[More info]What about this quake?Based on its magnitude, the fault that was active during the quake likely ruptured beneath a surface area of approximately 6 km2 (2 square miles) as a first-order estimate. The length of the rupture zone thus was probably around 4 km (3 mi).[More info]Recorded aftershocks, latest first (0 quake)Dec 15, 2025 05:51 am (Santiago)10 minutes ago4.831 km0 km - This quake47 km W of Ovalle, Provincia de Limari, Region de Coquimbo, ChileMain Shock (this quake)MoreMap of aftershocksEarthquake statisticsAverage number of earthquakesBased on data from the past 25 years and our earthquake archive back to 1900, there are about 577 quakes on average per year in the area near the epicenter of this quake (within 100 km/61 mi):Mag. 8 or higher: 0.02 quakes per year (or 1 quake every 62.5 years)Mag. 7 or higher: 0.02 quakes per year (or 1 quake every 41.7 years)Mag. 6 or higher: 0.48 quakes per year (or 1 quake every 2.1 years)Mag. 5 or higher: 6.3 quakes per yearMag. 4 or higher: 54 quakes per year (or 4.5 quakes per month)Mag. 3 or higher: 287 quakes per year (or 23.9 quakes per month)Mag. 2 or higher: 579 quakes per year (or 48 quakes per month)The area where this quake occurred has a very high level of seismic activity. It has had at least 2 quakes above magnitude 8 since 1900, which suggests that larger earthquakes of this size occur infrequently, probably on average approximately every 60 to 65 years.Number of quakes per yearPrevious quakes in the same area of this earthquakeThe earthquake occurred 15 weeks after a magnitude 5.9 earthquake had hit on Thursday, Sep 4, 2025, at 01:10 am local time (America/Argentina/Salta GMT -3) in 830 km (516 mi) distance to the northeast:Mag. 5.9 earthquake Departamento de Los Andes - Salta Province, Argentina - Sep 4, 2025 - The largest quake near the epicenter of this quake during the 10 years before was an event of magnitude 7.4. It had occurred 1 year 21 weeks earlier, on Thursday, Jul 18, 2024, at 09:50 pm local time (America/Santiago GMT -4) in Region de Antofagasta, Chile:Mag. 7.4 earthquake 115 km southeast of Calama - Region de Antofagasta, Chile - Jul 18, 2024 - The strongest-ever (since 1900) recorded quake in this area measured magnitude 8.2. It had occurred 75 years ago earlier, on Saturday, Dec 9, 1950, at 09:38 pm local time (Universal Time GMT +0) in Region de Antofagasta, Chile:Mag. 8.2 earthquake Provincia de El Loa - Region de Antofagasta, Chile - Dec 9, 1950 - Below is a list and map of larger or recent quakes that had occurred near the epicenter before this earthquake (within up to 100 km/61 mi distance, up to 300 km/183 mi for very large quakes above mag. 7). Filter and sort the list by magnitude or time.Max results102050100AllMagnitudeAll2+3+4+5+6+7+8+Time before48 hours1 week30 days1 year5 years30 yearsAny ageDate and TimeMagDepthDistanceLocationDetailsMapDec 14, 08:24 pm (Salta)4.4201 km872 km (542 mi) to the NE 50 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, Argentina I FELT ITInfoDec 14, 03:34 pm (Jujuy)3.2230 km896 km (557 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Susques, 182 km west of San Salvador de Jujuy, Departamento de Doctor Manuel Belgrano, Jujuy Province, Argentina I FELT ITInfoDec 13, 11:44 am (Jujuy)4.3206 km897 km (557 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Susques, 150 km west of San Salvador de Jujuy, Departamento de Doctor Manuel Belgrano, Jujuy Province, Argentina I FELT ITInfoDec 12, 11:22 am (Salta)3.7227 km876 km (544 mi) to the NE 94 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, Argentina I FELT ITInfoDec 12, 01:42 am (Salta)3.6166 km831 km (516 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Los Andes, 202 km west of Salta, Departamento Capital, Salta Province, Argentina I FELT ITInfoSep 4, 01:10 am (Salta)5.9176 km830 km (516 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Los Andes, 186 km west of Salta, Departamento Capital, Salta Province, Argentina 2 reportsInfoJul 18, 2024 09:50 pm (Santiago)7.4145 km916 km (569 mi) to the NE 115 km southeast of Calama, Provincia de El Loa, Region de Antofagasta, Chile 170 reportsInfoDec 11, 2023 03:35 pm (Jujuy)5.5192 km881 km (547 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Los Andes, 159 km northwest of Salta, Departamento Capital, Salta Province, Argentina 1 reportInfoSep 13, 2021 02:18 am (Jujuy)6.1180 km888 km (552 mi) to the NE Jujuy Province, Argentina 15 reportsInfoJan 10, 2021 12:54 am (Jujuy)6.0198 km888 km (552 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Susques, Jujuy Province, 45 km northwest of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, Argentina 2 reportsInfoNov 30, 2020 07:55 pm (Salta)6.2175 km848 km (527 mi) to the NE 78 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, Argentina 19 reportsInfoJun 21, 2018 01:08 pm (Salta)5.6163 km848 km (527 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Los Andes, 171 km west of Salta, Departamento Capital, Salta Province, Argentina 1 reportInfoFeb 18, 2017 09:10 am (Jujuy)6.3184 km900 km (559 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Susques, Jujuy Province, 55 km northwest of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, Argentina 9 reportsInfoJun 18, 2016 02:29 pm (Salta)5.6157 km852 km (529 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Los Andes, 177 km west of Salta, Departamento Capital, Salta Province, Argentina 4 reportsInfoSep 28, 2015 12:28 pm (Jujuy)5.9219 km890 km (553 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Susques, Jujuy Province, 59 km northwest of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoSep 24, 2014 08:16 am (Jujuy)6.2186 km925 km (575 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Susques, Jujuy Province, 50 km north of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, Argentina 3 reportsInfoJul 2, 2013 05:04 pm (Jujuy)5.6199 km917 km (570 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Susques, Jujuy Province, 46 km northwest of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoJul 26, 2010 02:31 pm (Jujuy)5.6193 km881 km (548 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Susques, Jujuy Province, 55 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoFeb 27, 2010 12:45 pm (Salta)6.310 km882 km (548 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Rosario de Lerma, 20 km west of Salta, Departamento Capital, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoMay 25, 2007 02:47 pm (Salta)5.9181 km855 km (531 mi) to the NE 72 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoApr 17, 2007 10:08 pm (Jujuy)5.6172 km889 km (553 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Susques, Jujuy Province, 35 km northwest of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoAug 24, 2006 09:44 pm (Salta)6.6184 km837 km (520 mi) to the NE 75 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoJun 2, 2005 07:56 am (Salta)6.1196 km856 km (532 mi) to the NE 69 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoOct 11, 2001 09:39 pm (Salta)5.5201 km870 km (541 mi) to the NE 52 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoJun 14, 2000 12:19 am (Jujuy)5.9197 km887 km (551 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Susques, 149 km west of San Salvador de Jujuy, Departamento de Doctor Manuel Belgrano, Jujuy Province, ArgentinaInfoMay 12, 2000 03:43 pm (Jujuy)7.2225 km949 km (590 mi) to the NE 75 km N of San Antonio De Los Cobres, ArgentinaInfoSep 12, 1998 06:03 am (Salta)5.6187 km822 km (511 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Los Andes, 175 km west of Salta, Departamento Capital, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoAug 30, 1998 04:52 am (Jujuy)5.7220 km888 km (552 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Susques, Jujuy Province, 68 km northwest of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoMar 25, 1998 06:02 pm (Salta)5.6197 km846 km (526 mi) to the NE 69 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoJan 22, 1997 10:15 pm (La Paz)7.1276 km1135 km (706 mi) to the NE 16 km northwest of Villazon, Departamento de Potosi, BoliviaInfoMar 31, 1987 10:48 pm (Jujuy)7.0249 km1037 km (644 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Rinconada, 52 km west of Abra Pampa, Departamento de Cochinoca, Jujuy Province, ArgentinaInfoJun 23, 1985 03:55 am (Salta)5.7181 km870 km (541 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, 182 km west of San Salvador de Jujuy, Departamento de Doctor Manuel Belgrano, Jujuy Province, ArgentinaInfoOct 20, 1984 02:59 pm (Jujuy)6.2192 km879 km (546 mi) to the NE 55 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoJun 20, 1984 04:56 pm (Salta)5.7196 km869 km (540 mi) to the NE 67 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoJan 27, 1983 04:01 pm (Salta)5.6188 km869 km (540 mi) to the NE 66 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoSep 12, 1976 12:51 am (Salta)5.6173 km878 km (546 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, 150 km west of San Salvador de Jujuy, Departamento de Doctor Manuel Belgrano, Jujuy Province, ArgentinaInfoJan 13, 1968 01:07 pm (Salta)5.7179 km850 km (528 mi) to the NE 70 km west of San Antonio de los Cobres, Departamento de Los Andes, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoDec 9, 1950 09:38 pm (Universal Time)8.2114 km836 km (519 mi) to the NEProvincia de El Loa, 256 km east of Antofagasta, Provincia de Antofagasta, Region de Antofagasta, ChileInfoAug 25, 1948 06:09 am (Universal Time)7.030 km979 km (608 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Anta, Salta Province, 51 km southeast of San Pedro de Jujuy, Departamento de San Pedro, Jujuy Province, ArgentinaInfoDec 24, 1930 03:02 am (Salta)6.00 km852 km (529 mi) to the NEDepartamento de La Poma, 90 km west of Salta, Departamento Capital, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoAug 12, 1926 10:18 pm (Universal Time)6.8250 km878 km (545 mi) to the NEDepartamento de Los Andes, 145 km northwest of Salta, Departamento Capital, Salta Province, ArgentinaInfoApr 28, 1926 11:13 am (Universal Time)7.190 km975 km (606 mi) to the N 90 km east of Calama, Provincia de El Loa, Region de Antofagasta, ChileInfoMap of earlier quakes in the area of this quakeMax results102050100AllMagnitudeAll2+3+4+5+6+7+8+Time before48 hours1 week30 days1 year5 years30 yearsAny ageOldest quakes are shown in yellow, most recent in red.[quakes -][quakes +][smaller][bigger]