Image by DC Studio on Magnific, CC BYAcross Africa and beyond, education systems are shifting to curricula designed to build critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Competency-based curricula put learners at the centre. They are meant to prepare students for a rapidly changing world, where success depends on the ability to adapt, think critically and solve complex problems.Unlike traditional curricula, which often emphasise covering content and memorising facts, competency-based curricula focus on how students apply what they learn in real-world situations. For example, instead of simply recalling scientific definitions, students might be asked to use a concept to explain how diseases spread.Much of the discussion around this shift in education has focused on familiar challenges, including teacher preparedness, availability of learning materials, and how faithfully the curriculum is implemented. While these factors are important, they do not fully explain why reforms often fall short of their intended goals, particularly in improving how students learn and develop competencies. In a recent study I co-authored, published in Discover Education, we reviewed evidence from different countries, including Ghana, Kenya and Vietnam, about what is undermining learner-centred education. We found that the main constraint to reforms in teaching is assessment systems. Teaching and testing systems are mismatched. While curricula promote skills like critical thinking and problem-solving, national exams want learners to memorise facts and follow routine procedures. So that’s what teachers concentrate on.The misalignment is holding students back from success: being able to apply what they learn in real-world situations. This ability is essential for further education, employment and everyday decision-making.Exams shape what countsIn our study, we set out to understand why learner-centred reforms, which are central to competency-based education, often fail to produce meaningful changes in classroom practice. We reviewed research and policy evidence from multiple countries across Africa, Asia and beyond, focusing on how national assessment systems interact with curriculum reforms.We found a pattern: high-stakes exams do more than assess learning; they shape what teachers teach and what students focus on.Our analysis shows that this creates a “double bind” for teachers. They are expected to promote critical thinking and problem-solving, while also preparing students for exams that reward recall and procedural accuracy. In practice, this often leads to surface-level reforms. New methods are introduced but teaching remains focused on memorisation.In many African countries, examinations such as the West African Senior School Certificate Examination and Kenya’s National Secondary School Exams exert strong pressure on teachers. Read more: Ghana’s colonial past and assessment use means education prioritises passing exams over what students actually learn – this must change As a result, learning narrows to what can be tested. This limits the impact of reform.In effect, exams become the real curriculum, regardless of what official documents say.Rethinking what assessment doesThe stakes are high.If competency-based education is to succeed, assessment systems need to be rethought, not just adjusted at the margins.This does not mean abandoning national exams. Rather, it means redefining what they are designed to measure. Read more: Should Kenya abolish all school exams? Expert sets out five reasons why they’re still useful Assessment should focus less on what students can recall and more on what they can do with what they know. This could include tasks that require analysis, problem-solving and application in real-world contexts.It also means moving beyond a single high-stakes test. Combining national examinations with school-based assessments (such as projects or portfolios) can provide a more complete picture of learning.The challenge is to do this in ways that remain fair, reliable and scalable across entire education systems.A practical way forwardIn our study, we propose a practical way to address this misalignment. We call it the LEARN model (Learner-centred assessment design; Evidence of competence; Adaptive to context; Reflective and feedback oriented; Nationally relevant and scalable). It offers a system-level framework for policymakers and education systems to redesign assessment so that it supports curriculum reforms. Read more: Ghana’s high school system sets many students up for failure: it needs a rethink The model is built around five ideas: designing assessments that reflect how students learn, using tasks that require applying knowledge rather than simple recallfocusing on evidence of competence rather than recall, emphasising what students can do with what they knowallowing flexibility to adapt to different classroom and national contextsintegrating feedback into assessment so that it supports learning, instead of just measuring itensuring that systems remain nationally relevant while still being practical to implement at scale.The model shifts the focus from standardising test formats to aligning what is assessed with what matters.Our model shows it is possible to balance two goals that are often seen as competing: maintaining national standards while supporting meaningful learning.Frank Quansah does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.