Venezuela is betting on coal to jumpstart its resource economy and exports amid increasing sanctions on its oil industry with few exemptions in the form of waivers. At the end of 2024, a Venezuelan-Turkish joint venture restarted coal production at two mines in northwestern Venezuela – Paso Diablo and Mina Norte – after years of no coal output there at all, multiple sources from the Venezuelan company told Reuters. The two mines are operated by the Carboturven joint venture, which is a partnership between Venezuela’s…