Plant immunity is largely initiated at the cellular level, with each cell capable of autonomous detection and response, while also coordinating systemic signaling across the organism—unlike the centralized, cell-based immune system of animals. One of the key mechanisms of plant immunity involves nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immunereceptors—intracellular receptors that detect pathogen invasion and activate a strong immune response. Unlike surface receptors, NLRs detect pathogen effector proteins that are injected by pathogens into plant cells to manipulate host biology.