ANA SWANSON2026年3月17日The Trump administration is proposing a new, more formal approach to monitoring and adjusting trade between the United States and China, as it tries to rebalance an economic relationship U.S. officials have long criticized as unequal.特朗普政府正在提出一种更为正式的新方式来监督和调整美中之间的贸易，试图重新平衡美国官员长期以来批评为不平等的两国经济关系。Following a meeting with their Chinese counterparts in Paris, Trump administration officials said on Monday that the governments had discussed creating a “U.S.-China Board of Trade” as part of a planned upcoming meeting between President Trump and China’s leader, Xi Jinping.在巴黎与中方官员举行会谈后，特朗普政府官员周一透露，两国政府已讨论成立一个“美中贸易委员会”，这将纳入特朗普总统与中国领导人即将举行的会晤议程。Jamieson Greer, the U.S. trade representative, said the approach would be a way to formalize and identify “what kinds of things should we be importing from China, what kinds of things should we be exporting to China, to really make sure that we can focus on areas of mutual benefit.”美国贸易代表贾米森·格里尔表示，这种做法将有助于更正式地界定“我们应该从中国进口哪些东西，我们应该向中国出口哪些东西，以确保我们双方能够专注于互惠互利的领域”。“That’s what we expect for leaders to be talking about when they meet,” Mr. Greer said of Mr. Trump and Mr. Xi.格里尔在谈到特朗普与习近平时表示：“这正是我们希望两国领导人在会晤时讨论的内容。”Mr. Greer and Scott Bessent, the Treasury Secretary, conducted talks with their Chinese counterparts on Sunday and Monday in Paris in preparation for that meeting. Mr. Trump had been expected to travel to China in late March. But on Monday, the president said he had asked the Chinese government to delay the visit by about a month, as he deals with the U.S. war in Iran.格里尔和财长斯科特·贝森特周日和周一在巴黎与中方官员举行了会谈，为两国元首会晤做准备。原本预计特朗普将在3月下旬访华。但总统周一表示，由于要处理美国在伊朗的战争，他已要求中国政府将访问推迟大约一个月。“Because of the war, I have to be here,” Mr. Trump said, referring to the United States.“因为这场战争，我必须留在这里，”特朗普说表示。U.S. and Chinese advisers are still preparing for a meeting between their leaders, though some have criticized America’s lack of preparation.美中双方的顾问仍在为两国领导人的会晤做准备，不过也有人批评美国准备不足。In their meetings in Paris, American and Chinese officials appeared to have made progress to nail down commitments for China to buy more agricultural products, energy and planes from the United States, said Wendy Cutler, a senior vice president of the Asia Society Policy Institute and a former U.S. trade negotiator.亚洲协会政策研究所副总裁、前美国贸易谈判代表温迪·卡特勒表示，美中官员在巴黎的会晤似乎已取得进展，比如让中国从美国购买更多农产品、能源以及飞机。Ms. Cutler said that the Board of Trade could focus on identifying opportunities for expanding trade in less sensitive types of products, and perhaps even discuss reducing tariffs on those goods.卡特勒表示，这个贸易委员会可以专注于寻找扩大敏感性较低产品贸易的机会，甚至可能讨论降低这些商品的关税。Chad Bown, an analyst at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and a former official with the Biden administration, said that it made sense to find ways to manage U.S.-China trade, given that past attempts to convince China to overhaul its trade practices had not been particularly successful.彼得森国际经济研究所分析师、曾在拜登政府任职的查德·鲍恩表示，鉴于过去试图说服中国彻底改变其贸易做法的努力并不算成功，寻找管理美中贸易的新方式是合理的做法。But Mr. Bown said managing trade was easier in theory than in practice. While the United States might convince state-owned Chinese firms to purchase more American soybeans, oil or airplanes, he said, it would be difficult to persuade Chinese consumers to buy manufactured goods like cars, which the United States is the most eager to sell.但鲍恩表示，管理贸易说起来容易做起来难。他说，虽然美国可能说服中国国有企业购买更多美国大豆、石油或飞机，但很难说服中国消费者购买汽车等工业制成品，而这些恰恰是美国最希望卖给中国的商品。The world had never before seen an attempt to manage trade at this scale, Mr. Bown said. “If the U.S. government wants to do this seriously, it really has to do its homework,” he added.鲍恩说，世界以前从未见过如此规模的贸易管理尝试。“如果美国政府真想认真推动这件事，就必须把功课做足。”Mr. Greer has spoken publicly and privately about his preference that the government take a heavier hand in international commerce. In an interview in January, Mr. Greer said that he supported the idea of managed trade, and that the United States had a long history of managing trade before the end of the Cold War.格里尔在公开和私下场合都谈到过，他倾向于让政府在国际贸易中发挥更有力的作用。在今年1月的一次采访中，格里尔表示，他支持管理贸易的理念，并指出，在冷战结束之前，美国在贸易管理方面有着悠久的历史。“The more balanced and reciprocal a trading relationship is with a partner, the less managed it has to be,” Mr. Greer said, adding, “but we’re not really there yet.”“与某个贸易伙伴之间的关系越平衡、越对等，就越不需要进行管理，”格里尔说，并补充道：“但我们现在显然还没有达到那个程度。”Some corporate executives have expressed concern about the administration’s attempt to manage trade with China. They have questioned the types of exports and imports the United States plans to encourage, and whether certain industries that are not promoted could suffer.一些企业高管对政府试图管理对华贸易的做法表示担忧。他们对美国计划鼓励的进出口产品类型提出质疑，也担心那些未被列入支持范围的行业是否会因此受到冲击。Much remains unclear about the so-called Board of Trade, including if it would cover so-called rare earth minerals, which are critical to a variety of U.S. factories. In response to Mr. Trump’s tariffs, China began clamping down on exports of those minerals last year.关于这个所谓的“贸易委员会”，许多细节仍不明朗，包括它是否会涉及对美国多家工厂至关重要的稀土矿物。为回应特朗普的关税措施，中国去年开始加强对这些矿物的出口管制。Mr. Trump and his advisers have in the past denounced the type of economic dialogues most administrations carried out with Chinese officials as a waste of time. And past attempts by the Trump administration and others to manage trade with China have also fallen short of the governments’ goals.过去，特朗普及其顾问曾批评历届政府与中国官员进行的那类经济对话是浪费时间。特朗普政府及往届政府过去管理对华贸易的尝试也未能实现既定目标。China failed to meet ambitious targets for purchases that were included in the trade deal it struck with Mr. Trump in his first term. Over the past year, Chinese officials have also dragged their feet with planned purchases of U.S. soybeans, leading to a sharp drop in soybean exports.在特朗普首个任期内与中国达成的贸易协议中，设定了雄心勃勃的采购目标，但中国未能兑现。过去一年里，中国官员在计划中的美国大豆采购上也行动迟缓，导致美国大豆出口大幅下降。The trade ties that the United States has with China are one of the world’s most complex and important economic relationships.美中贸易关系是世界上最复杂、最重要的经济关系之一。The United States depends on Chinese factories for an array of products, including strategic goods, but it has accused the Chinese government of using a variety of unfair trade practices in the past to boost its exports, like subsidizing industries, adopting lax environmental regulations and manipulating its currency.美国在许多产品上依赖中国工厂的生产，其中包括一些具有战略意义的商品。但美国长期指责中国政府通过多种不公平贸易做法来促进出口，例如对产业提供补贴、采取宽松的环境监管，以及操纵汇率。The United States has run a trade deficit with China for roughly 40 years, and the gap between what it imports from China and what it exports to it exploded in the 2000s, after China joined the World Trade Organization.美国对华贸易逆差已持续约40年。中国加入世界贸易组织后，在2000年代，美国从中国的进口额与对华出口额之间的差距急剧扩大。But over the past year, U.S.-China economic ties have changed drastically. As Mr. Trump amped up tariffs on China, firms — American, multinational and Chinese — began looking for factories elsewhere.但在过去一年里，美中经济关系发生了巨大变化。随着特朗普大幅提高对华关税，美国企业、跨国公司以及中国企业都开始在其他国家寻找生产基地。U.S. exports to China and U.S. imports from China both fell by more than 25 percent in 2025, Mr. Bown said. But while the U.S. trade deficit with China fell sharply, trade deficits with other countries like Vietnam, Mexico and Taiwan rose.鲍恩表示，2025年美国对中国的出口和从中国的进口都下降了25%以上。不过，尽管美国对中国的贸易逆差大幅减少，但对越南、墨西哥和台湾等其他国家的贸易逆差却在上升。The Trump administration is now working on a raft of new tariffs on exports from foreign countries, including China. Those levies would replace the tariffs that the U.S. Supreme Court struck down last month.特朗普政府目前正在制定一系列针对包括中国在内的多国出口产品的新关税。这些关税将取代上月被美国最高法院推翻的原有关税。In a news conference on Thursday, Guo Jiakun, a spokesman for China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said that China opposed unilateral tariffs and called the move “pretext for political manipulation.”在上周四的新闻发布会上，中国外交部发言人郭嘉昆表示，中国反对单边关税，称其为“以此为借口进行政治操弄”。Mark Landler自巴黎、Alan Rappeport自华盛顿对本文有报道贡献。Ana Swanson报道贸易和国际经济新闻，常驻华盛顿。她从事新闻工作已超过十年。翻译：纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。